(1) Running under load without warming up after cold start

柴油機(jī)冷機(jī)啟動(dòng)時(shí)，由于機(jī)油黏度大、流動(dòng)性差，是機(jī)油泵供油不足，機(jī)器摩擦面因缺油潤(rùn)滑不良，造成急劇磨損，甚至發(fā)生拉缸、燒瓦等故障。因此，柴油機(jī)冷卻啟動(dòng)后應(yīng)怠速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)升溫，待機(jī)油溫度達(dá)到40℃以上時(shí)再帶負(fù)荷運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)；機(jī)器起步應(yīng)掛低速擋，并循序在每一擋位行駛一段里程，直到油溫正常、供油充分后，方可轉(zhuǎn)為正常行駛。

When a diesel engine starts with a cold engine, due to the high viscosity and poor fluidity of the oil, the oil pump supply is insufficient, and the friction surface of the machine is poorly lubricated due to the lack of oil, resulting in rapid wear and even cylinder pulling, tile burning, and other faults. Therefore, after the diesel engine cools down and starts, it should idle and warm up, and then run with load when the oil temperature reaches 40 ℃ or above; The machine should start in low gear and drive for a certain distance in each gear in sequence until the oil temperature is normal and the fuel supply is sufficient before switching to normal driving.

（2）柴油機(jī)在機(jī)油不足時(shí)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)

(2) The diesel engine runs when there is insufficient oil

此時(shí)會(huì)因機(jī)油供給不足而造成各摩擦副表面供油不足，導(dǎo)致異常磨損或燒傷。為此，機(jī)器起步前和柴油機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)過程中要保證機(jī)油充足，防止由于缺油而引起拉缸、燒瓦故障。

At this point, insufficient oil supply may cause insufficient oil supply to the surfaces of each friction pair, resulting in abnormal wear or burns. Therefore, before starting the machine and during the operation of the diesel engine, it is necessary to ensure sufficient oil to prevent cylinder pulling and tile burning faults caused by oil shortage.

（3）帶負(fù)荷急停機(jī)或突然卸除負(fù)荷后立刻停機(jī)

(3) Emergency shutdown with load or immediate shutdown after sudden unloading of load

柴油機(jī)熄火后冷卻系水的循環(huán)停止，散熱能力急劇降低，受熱件失去冷卻，易造成氣缸蓋、氣缸套、氣缸體等機(jī)件過熱，產(chǎn)生裂紋，或使活塞過度膨脹卡死在缸套內(nèi)。另一方面，柴油機(jī)停機(jī)時(shí)未經(jīng)怠速降溫，會(huì)使摩擦面含油不足，當(dāng)柴油機(jī)再次啟動(dòng)時(shí)會(huì)因潤(rùn)滑不良而加劇磨損。因此，柴油機(jī)熄火前應(yīng)卸除負(fù)荷，并逐漸降低轉(zhuǎn)速、空載運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)幾分鐘。

After the diesel engine shuts down, the circulation of cooling water in the cooling system stops, and the heat dissipation capacity sharply decreases. The heated parts lose cooling, which can easily cause overheating of cylinder heads, cylinder liners, cylinder blocks, and other components, resulting in cracks, or excessive expansion of the piston and jamming in the cylinder liner. On the other hand, if the diesel engine is stopped without idle cooling, it will result in insufficient oil on the friction surface. When the diesel engine is restarted, it will intensify wear due to poor lubrication. Therefore, before the diesel engine shuts down, the load should be removed and the speed should be gradually reduced and the engine should be running at no load for a few minutes.

（4）柴油機(jī)冷啟動(dòng)后猛轟油門

(4) Diesel engine slams throttle after cold start

若猛轟油門，則柴油機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速急劇升高，會(huì)造成機(jī)上的有些摩擦面因產(chǎn)生干摩擦而劇烈磨損。另外，轟油門時(shí)活塞、連桿和曲軸受理力變化大，引起劇烈撞擊，易損壞機(jī)件。

If the throttle is slammed, the speed of the diesel engine will sharply increase, causing some friction surfaces on the engine to undergo severe wear due to dry friction. In addition, when the throttle is slammed, the piston, connecting rod, and crankshaft have a significant change in acceptance force, which can cause severe impact and easily damage the components.

（5）在冷卻水量不足或冷卻水、機(jī)油溫度過高的情況下運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)

(5) Operating under insufficient cooling water or high cooling water and oil temperatures

柴油機(jī)冷卻水量不足會(huì)降低其冷卻效果，柴油機(jī)因得不到有效的冷卻而過熱；冷卻水、機(jī)油的油溫過高，也會(huì)引起柴油機(jī)過熱。此時(shí)氣缸蓋、氣缸套、活塞組件及氣門等主要受熱負(fù)荷大，其機(jī)械性能如強(qiáng)度、韌性等急劇下降，使零件變形增加，減小了零件間的配合間隙，加速機(jī)件磨損，嚴(yán)重時(shí)還會(huì)產(chǎn)生裂紋、機(jī)件卡住的故障。冷卻水、機(jī)油溫度過高會(huì)加快機(jī)油老化變質(zhì)和燒損，且機(jī)油黏度下降，套缸和活塞及主要摩擦副的條件潤(rùn)滑條件惡化，產(chǎn)生異常磨損。柴油機(jī)過熱還會(huì)惡化柴油機(jī)燃燒過程，使噴油器工作失常，霧化不良，積炭增多。

Insufficient cooling water in a diesel engine can reduce its cooling effect, causing it to overheat due to ineffective cooling; Excessive temperature of cooling water and engine oil can also cause overheating of the diesel engine. At this time, the cylinder head, cylinder liner, piston components, and valves are mainly subjected to high heat loads, and their mechanical properties such as strength and toughness sharply decrease, causing increased deformation of the parts, reducing the fit gap between the parts, accelerating wear of the parts, and even producing cracks and stuck parts in severe cases. If the temperature of cooling water and engine oil is too high, it will accelerate the aging, deterioration, and burning of the engine oil, and the viscosity of the engine oil will decrease. The lubrication conditions of the casing, piston, and main friction pairs will deteriorate, resulting in abnormal wear. Overheating of a diesel engine can also worsen the combustion process, causing malfunctioning of the fuel injectors, poor atomization, and increased carbon deposition.

（6）在冷卻水和機(jī)油油溫過低的狀態(tài)下運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)

(6) Operating with low cooling water and oil temperatures

柴油機(jī)工作過程中，冷卻水溫度過低，氣缸壁溫度隨之下降，燃燒產(chǎn)生的水蒸氣凝結(jié)成水珠，與廢氣接觸生成酸性物質(zhì)，附著于氣缸壁，產(chǎn)生腐蝕磨損。實(shí)踐證明，柴油機(jī)經(jīng)常在冷卻水溫40℃~50℃下使用時(shí)，其零件磨損比正常工作溫度（85℃～95℃）下運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)是大好幾倍。此時(shí)，水溫過低時(shí)氣缸內(nèi)溫度低，柴油機(jī)著火滯燃期延長(zhǎng)，一經(jīng)著火，壓力迅速升高，柴油機(jī)燃油粗暴，易造成零部件的機(jī)械損壞。柴油機(jī)長(zhǎng)期在冷卻水較低溫度的狀態(tài)下運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，活塞與缸套的間隙大，已發(fā)生敲缸現(xiàn)象，并產(chǎn)生振動(dòng)，使缸套出現(xiàn)穴蝕。機(jī)油溫度過低，機(jī)油黏度大流動(dòng)性差，潤(rùn)滑部位油量不足，使?jié)櫥儾?，造成摩擦副磨損增加，縮短柴油機(jī)使用壽命。

During the operation of a diesel engine, the temperature of the cooling water is too low, and the temperature of the cylinder wall decreases accordingly. The water vapor generated by combustion condenses into water droplets, which come into contact with exhaust gas to form acidic substances that adhere to the cylinder wall, causing corrosion and wear. Practice has shown that when diesel engines are frequently used at a cooling water temperature of 40 ℃ to 50 ℃, their parts wear and tear is several times greater than when operating at normal operating temperatures (85 ℃ to 95 ℃). At this point, when the water temperature is too low, the temperature inside the cylinder is low, and the ignition delay period of the diesel engine is extended. Once the engine catches fire, the pressure rapidly increases, and the diesel engine's fuel is rough, which can easily cause mechanical damage to the components. Diesel engines have been operating at low cooling water temperatures for a long time, resulting in a large gap between the piston and cylinder liner, causing knocking and vibration, resulting in cavitation of the cylinder liner. The oil temperature is too low, the viscosity of the oil is high, and the fluidity is poor. The insufficient amount of oil in the lubrication area leads to poor lubrication, increased wear of the friction pair, and shortened the service life of the diesel engine.

（7）在機(jī)油壓力過低的情況下運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)

(7) Running with low oil pressure

機(jī)油壓力過低，則潤(rùn)滑系不能進(jìn)行正常機(jī)油循環(huán)和壓力潤(rùn)滑，各潤(rùn)滑部位得不到充足的機(jī)油。因此，機(jī)器在行駛過程中，要注意觀察機(jī)油壓力表或機(jī)油壓力指示燈情況。若發(fā)現(xiàn)機(jī)油壓力低于規(guī)定壓力時(shí)，要立即停機(jī)，排除故障后再繼續(xù)行駛。

If the oil pressure is too low, the lubrication system cannot perform normal oil circulation and pressure lubrication, and the lubrication parts cannot receive sufficient oil. Therefore, during the operation of the machine, it is important to observe the condition of the oil pressure gauge or oil pressure indicator light. If the oil pressure is found to be lower than the specified pressure, the machine should be stopped immediately, and the problem should be resolved before continuing driving.

（8）機(jī)器超速、超載行駛

(8) Machine overspeed and overload driving

如機(jī)器嚴(yán)重超速、超載行駛，柴油機(jī)將在負(fù)荷過大、轉(zhuǎn)速過高的工作情況下運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，易造成工作粗暴，缸套、活塞、連桿等承受的熱負(fù)荷和機(jī)械負(fù)荷加大，易發(fā)生拉缸、燒瓦等故障。經(jīng)常超負(fù)荷運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，造成氣缸內(nèi)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的粗暴燃燒，容易損壞氣缸墊。

If the machine is severely speeding or overloaded, the diesel engine will operate under excessive load and speed, which can easily cause rough operation, increase the thermal and mechanical load borne by cylinder liners, pistons, connecting rods, etc., and easily cause cylinder pulling, shoe burning, and other faults. Frequent overload operation can cause prolonged rough combustion in the cylinder, which can easily damage the cylinder gasket.

（9）熄火前猛轟油門

(9) Slam the throttle before turning off the engine

高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的柴油機(jī)如果突然停止運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，其巨大的慣性會(huì)使曲柄連桿機(jī)構(gòu)和配氣機(jī)構(gòu)的零件受到損傷，縮短使用壽命。同時(shí)，猛轟油門是燃油因過量進(jìn)入氣缸來不及完全燃燒而沿氣缸壁流下，稀釋了潤(rùn)滑油。此外，還會(huì)使活塞、氣門及燃燒室積炭明顯增多，引起噴油嘴堵塞和活塞卡死。

If a high-speed diesel engine suddenly stops running, its huge inertia will cause damage to the components of the crank linkage mechanism and valve train, shortening its service life. At the same time, slamming the throttle causes fuel to flow down the cylinder wall due to excessive entry into the cylinder and insufficient time for complete combustion, diluting the lubricating oil. In addition, it will significantly increase the accumulation of carbon in the piston, valve, and combustion chamber, causing blockage of the fuel injection nozzle and piston jamming.

（10）柴油機(jī)溫度過高時(shí)突然加冷卻水

(10) Sudden addition of cooling water when the temperature of the diesel engine is too high

若在柴油機(jī)缺水過熱的情況下突然加冷卻水，會(huì)使缸蓋、缸套、缸體等因冷熱劇烈變化而產(chǎn)生裂紋。因此，柴油機(jī)溫度過高時(shí)應(yīng)先卸除負(fù)荷，稍微提高轉(zhuǎn)速，待水溫下降后將柴油機(jī)熄火，在將水散熱器蓋擰松，排除水蒸氣。必要時(shí)可向水散熱器緩慢的注入冷卻水。

If cooling water is suddenly added when the diesel engine is short of water and overheated, it will cause cracks in the cylinder head, cylinder liner, cylinder block, etc. due to drastic changes in cold and heat. Therefore, when the temperature of the diesel engine is too high, the load should be removed first, the speed should be slightly increased, and after the water temperature drops, the diesel engine should be turned off. Then, the water radiator cover should be loosened to remove water vapor. If necessary, slowly inject cooling water into the water radiator.

（11）長(zhǎng)期怠速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)

(11) Long term idle operation

柴油機(jī)怠速時(shí)，潤(rùn)滑油壓力低，活塞頂部噴油冷卻效果差，造成磨損急劇增加，容易拉缸；還可造成霧化不良，燃燒不完全，積炭嚴(yán)重，有時(shí)甚至導(dǎo)致氣門和活塞環(huán)卡死、缸套穴蝕。為此，有些柴油機(jī)使用說明書明確規(guī)定，柴油機(jī)怠速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間不得超過15～20min。

When the diesel engine is idling, the lubricating oil pressure is low, and the cooling effect of the top of the piston is poor, resulting in a sharp increase in wear and easy cylinder pulling; It can also cause poor atomization, incomplete combustion, severe carbon deposition, and sometimes even lead to valve and piston ring jamming, and cylinder liner cavitation. For this reason, some diesel engine user manuals clearly stipulate that the idle running time of diesel engines should not exceed 15-20 minutes.

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